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Pierre Méchain

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Pierre Méchain
Portrait of Méchain, c. 1882
Born
Pierre François André Méchain

(1744-08-16)16 August 1744
Laon, France
Died20 September 1804(1804-09-20) (aged 60)
Castellón de la Plana, Spain
NationalityFrench
Known forDeep-sky objects
comets
metre
Scientific career
Fieldsastronomy
InstitutionsParis Observatory

Pierre François André Méchain (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ fʁɑ̃swa ɑ̃dʁe meʃɛ̃]; 16 August 1744 – 20 September 1804) was a French astronomer and surveyor who, with Charles Messier, was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets.

Life

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Pierre Méchain was born in Laon, the son of the ceiling designer and plasterer Pierre François Méchain and Marie–Marguerite Roze. He displayed mental gifts in mathematics and physics but had to give up his studies for lack of money. However, his talents in astronomy were noticed by Jérôme Lalande, for whom he became a friend and proof-reader of the second edition of his book "L'Astronomie". Lalande then secured a position for him as assistant hydrographer with the Naval Depot of Maps and Charts at Versailles, where he worked through the 1770s engaged in hydrographic work and coastline surveying. It was during this time—approximately 1774—that he met Charles Messier, and apparently, they became friends. In the same year, he also produced his first astronomical work, a paper on an occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon, and presented it as a memoir to the Academy of Sciences.

In 1777, Méchain married Barbe-Thérèse Marjou whom he knew from his work in Versailles. They had two sons: Jérôme, born 1780, and Augustin, born 1784, and one daughter. He was admitted to the French Académie des sciences in 1782, and was the editor of Connaissance des Temps from 1785 to 1792; this was the journal which, among other things, first published the list of Messier objects. In 1789 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1]

Méchain participated in the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790) to measure by trigonometry the precise distance between the Paris Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory. This project had been initiated by César-François Cassini de Thury, who died in 1784, and in 1787 Méchain visited Dover and London with Cassini de Thury’s son Dominique, comte de Cassini and Adrien-Marie Legendre to facilitate its progress. The three men also visited the astronomer William Herschel at Slough, who had discovered Uranus in 1781.

With his surveying skills, Méchain worked on maps of Northern Italy and Germany after this, but his most important mapping work was geodetic: the determination of the southern part of the meridian arc of the Earth's surface between Dunkirk and Barcelona beginning in 1791. This measurement would become the basis of the metric system's unit of length, the meter. He encountered numerous difficulties on this project, largely stemming from the effects of the French Revolution. He was arrested after it was suspected his instruments were weapons, he was interned in Barcelona after war broke out between France and Spain, and his property in Paris was confiscated during The Terror. He was released from Spain to live in Italy, then returned home in 1795.

A particularly intriguing fact about this project was that Méchain was uncertain of the precision of his measurements owing to anomalous results in verifying his latitude by astronomical observation. Ultimately, the distance from the pole to the equator, which Méchain and his associate Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre had intended to be exactly ten million meters (or ten thousand kilometres), was determined in the late 20th century by space satellites to be 10,002,290 meters.[2] This small error of 2,290 meters equals 1.423 statute miles; the error in such a large measurement amounts to 14½ inches per statute mile. It represents in each meter an error of approximately 0.23 millimetres[3] – slightly more than the width of a single strand of human hair. This discrepancy is sometimes mentioned as "Méchain's error", with the suggestion that the tiny variation in the length of the meridian (not detected for nearly two hundred years) can be attributed to Méchain's calculations. But analysis of Méchain's figures reveals that Méchain consistently kept the discrepancy very tiny, essentially forcing his individual reported measurements to appear more precise and consistent than would be reasonably expected of a survey involving more than a hundred measurements of mostly rough country using 18th century equipment; Méchain's putative error did not affect the final value of the length of the meter nor the measurement of the meridian.[4]

From 1799, he was the director of the Paris Observatory.

Continuing doubts about his measurements of the Dunkirk-Barcelona arc led him to return to that work. This took him back to Spain in 1804, where he caught yellow fever and died in Castellón de la Plana.

Discoveries

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Méchain discovered either 25 or 26 deep-sky objects, depending on how one counts M102. Méchain disavowed the M102 observation in 1783, claiming it was a mistaken re-observation of M101. Since that time, others have proposed that he did in fact observe another object, and suggested what they might be.

  Open cluster   Globular cluster   Nebula   Planetary nebula   Supernova remnant   Galaxy   Other

Messier number NGC/IC Number Common name Date of Discovery Object type Distance (kly) Constellation Apparent magnitude
M63 NGC 5055 Sunflower Galaxy 14 June 1779 Galaxy, spiral 37,000 Canes Venatici 8.5
M72 NGC 6981   30 August 1780 Cluster, globular 53 Aquarius 10.0
M74 NGC 628   Sep 1780 Galaxy, spiral 35,000 Pisces 10.5
M75 NGC 6864   27 August 1780 Cluster, globular 58 Sagittarius 9.5
M76 NGC 650, NGC 651 Little Dumbbell Nebula 5 September 1780 Nebula, planetary 3.4 Perseus 10.1
M77 NGC 1068 Cetus A 29 October 1780 Galaxy, spiral 60,000 Cetus 10.5
M78 NGC 2068   Begin 1780 Nebula, diffuse 1.6 Orion 8.0
M79 NGC 1904   26 October 1780 Cluster, globular 40 Lepus 8.5
M85 NGC 4382   4 March 1781 Galaxy, lenticular 60,000 Coma Berenices 10.5
M94 NGC 4736   22 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 14,500 Canes Venatici 9.5
M95 NGC 3351   20 March 1781 Galaxy, barred spiral 38,000 Leo 11.0
M96 NGC 3368   20 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 38,000 Leo 10.5
M97 NGC 3587 Owl Nebula 16 February 1781 Nebula, planetary 2.6 Ursa Major 9.9
M98 NGC 4192   15 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 60,000 Coma Berenices 11.0
M99 NGC 4254   15 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 60,000 Coma Berenices 10.5
M100 NGC 4321   15 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 60,000 Coma Berenices 10.5
M101 NGC 5457 Pinwheel Galaxy 27 March 1781 Galaxy, spiral 27,000 Ursa Major 7.9
M102 (Not conclusively identified)            
M103 NGC 581   Mar–Apr 1781 Cluster, open 8 Cassiopeia 7.0

He independently discovered four others, originally discovered by someone else but unknown to him at the time and included in the Messier catalogue: M71, discovered by Jean-Philippe de Chéseaux in the 1740s; M80, discovered by Messier about two weeks earlier than Méchain's observation; and M81 and M82, discovered originally by Johann Bode.

Six other discoveries are "honorary Messier objects" added to the list in the 20th century:

Messier number NGC/IC Number Common name Date of Discovery Object type Distance (kly) Constellation Apparent magnitude
M104 NGC 4594 Sombrero Galaxy 11 May 1781 Galaxy, spiral 50,000 Virgo 9.5
M105 NGC 3379   24 March 1781 Galaxy, elliptical 38,000 Leo 11.0
M106 NGC 4258   Jul 1781 Galaxy, spiral 25,000 Canes Venatici 9.5
M107 NGC 6171   Cluster, globular 20 Ophiuchus 10.0
M108 NGC 3556   19 February 1781 Galaxy, barred spiral 45,000 Ursa Major 11.0
M109 NGC 3992   12 March 1781 Galaxy, barred spiral 55,000 Ursa Major 11.0

He also discovered NGC 5195, the companion galaxy that makes M51 (the Whirlpool Galaxy) so distinctive.

Méchain never set out to observe deep-sky objects. Like Messier, he was solely interested in cataloguing objects that might be mistaken for comets; having done so, he was the second-most successful discoverer of comets of his time, after Messier himself.

All together, he originally discovered eight comets, and co-discovered three.[5]

His sole discoveries are:

Méchain's co-discoveries are:

Note that only the two named comets have been connected to periodic comets that have computed orbits and in neither case was he an observer when they were computed, so by that technical definition (commonly used for comets since the 19th century) Méchain did not discover any of these nine.

Legacy

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On 24 June 2002, Asteroid 21785 Méchain was named in his honour, discovered by Miloš Tichý at Kleť Observatory on 21 September 1999, and provisionally designated 1999 SS2.

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ "Library and Archive". Royal Society. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
  2. ^ Alder, Ken, The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World (2002, NY, The Free Press) page 7; the book is a detailed account of Méchain's arduous adventures with this project and his efforts to correct or conceal any miscalculations. The reason for his anomalous latitude calculations is not certain, but possibly the problem lay with astronomical observations of stars so near the southern horizon that there may have been atmospheric distortion.
  3. ^ Alder, Ken, The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World (2002, NY, The Free Press) prologue, page 7.
  4. ^ Alder, Ken, The Measure of All Things: The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World (2002, NY, The Free Press) chapter 11, pages 291–324.
  5. ^ "Maik Meyer. Catalog of comet discoveries". Archived from the original on 16 July 2008.
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