Pyridinium
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Pyridin-1-ium | |||
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| [C5H5NH]+ | |||
| Molar mass | 80.110 g·mol−1 | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | ~5 [1][2] | ||
| Conjugate base | Pyridine | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Pyridinium refers to the cation [C5H5NH]+. It is the conjugate acid of pyridine. Many related cations are known involving substituted pyridines, e.g. picolines, lutidines, collidines. They are prepared by treating pyridine with acids.[3]
As pyridine is often used as an organic base in chemical reactions, pyridinium salts are produced in many acid-base reactions. Its salts are often insoluble in the organic solvent, so precipitation of the pyridinium leaving group complex is an indication of the progress of the reaction.
Pyridinium cations are aromatic, as determined through Hückel's rule.[4] They are isoelectronic with benzene.
N-Alkylpyridinium cations
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When the acidic proton is replaced by alkyl, the compounds are called N-alkylpyridinium. A simple representative is N-methylpyridinium ([C5H5NCH3]+). These pyridinium intermediates have been used as electrophiles in synthetic organic chemistry to build dearomatized congeners called dihydropyridines, as demonstrated in one example from Smith in 2021.[5] Earlier, the same research group also delineated the rules surrounding regioselectivities associated with adding nucleophiles to pyridinium electrophiles with varying substituents.[6] From a commercial perspective, an important pyridinium compound is the herbicide paraquat.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Linnell, Robert (1960). "Notes – Dissociation Constants of 2-Substituted Pyridines". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 25 (2): 290. doi:10.1021/jo01072a623.
- ^ Pearson, Ralph G.; Williams, Forrest V. (1953). "Rates of Ionization of Pseudo Acids.1V. Steric Effects in the Base-catalyzed Ionization of Nitroethane". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3073. doi:10.1021/ja01109a008.
- ^ George A. Olah; Michael Watkins (1978). "Fluorinations With Pyridinium Polyhydrogen Fluoride Reagent: 1-Fluoroadamantane". Org. Synth. 58: 75. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.058.0075.
- ^ "Aromatic Compounds" (PDF). Alex Roche, Rutgers University.
- ^ Grigolo, Thiago A.; Subhit, Ariana R.; Smith, Joel M. (2021-09-03). "Regioselective Asymmetric Alkynylation of N-Alkyl Pyridiniums". Organic Letters. 23 (17): 6703–6708. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02276. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 34474575. S2CID 237401193.
- ^ Knight, Brian J.; Tolchin, Zachary A.; Smith, Joel M. (2021-03-11). "A predictive model for additions to N-alkyl pyridiniums". Chemical Communications. 57 (21): 2693–2696. doi:10.1039/D1CC00056J. ISSN 1364-548X. PMID 33595047. S2CID 231945207.
- ^ Shimizu, Shinkichi; Watanabe, Nanao; Kataoka, Toshiaki; Shoji, Takayuki; Abe, Nobuyuki; Morishita, Sinji; Ichimura, Hisao (2007). "Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_399. ISBN 978-3527306732.