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Emperor Kōrei

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Emperor Kōrei
孝霊天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign290 BC – 215 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōan
SuccessorKōgen
Born342 BC[2]
Died215 BC (aged 127)
Burial
Kataoka no Umasaka no misasagi (片丘馬坂陵) (Ōji)
SpouseKuwashi-hime
Issue
among others...
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Kōrei (孝霊天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Ō-yamato-nekohiko-futoni no Sumeramikoto (大日本根子彦太瓊天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōan
MotherOshihime [ja]
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kōrei (孝霊天皇, Kōrei-tennō), also known as Ōyamatonekohikofutoni no Mikoto (大倭根子日子賦斗邇命) was the seventh legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōrei is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōrei's reign allegedly began in 290 BC. He had one wife and three consorts with whom he fathered seven children. After his death in 215 BC, one of his sons supposedly became the next emperor.[5][6] Kōrei is traditionally accepted as the first emperor of the Yayoi period, which is named after the Yayoi people who migrated to the Japanese archipelago from mainland Asia.

Legendary narrative

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In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only his name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi or tomb for Kōrei is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kōrei was born in 342 BC and is believed to be the eldest son of Emperor Kōan.[2] His mother is believed to have been Oshihime, who was the daughter of Ametarashihiko-Kunio-shihito-no-mikoto.[7] Kōrei's pre-ascension name was Prince O-Yamato-Neko Hiko-futo-ni no Mikoto, and the Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Kuroda-noi-odo-no-miya (黒田廬戸宮) at Kuroda in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[4][6] It is noted in the Kojiki that sometime during Kōrei's reign, Kibi was conquered by the emperor.[8] Kōrei was the first emperor since Jimmu to take on consorts, and fathered seven children with them along with his chief wife Empress: Kuwashi-hime. Kōrei is recorded as having a long life, reigning from 290 BC until his death in 215 BC. His eldest son was then subsequently enthroned as the next emperor.

Known information

[edit]

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[9] Kōrei is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the sixth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Kōrei-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[11] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōrei, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[10] As with Emperor Kōan, Kōrei's exceptional age of 127 is considered unlikely due to verification issues among other things. While the actual site of Kōrei's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Ōji. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōrei's mausoleum, and its formal name is Kataoka no Umasaka no misasagi.[3][5]

Like Emperor Kōshō, there is a possibility that "Kōrei" could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD). Historian Louis Frédéric notes this idea in his book Japan Encyclopedia where he says it is "very likely", but this remains disputed among other researchers.[6][12] The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[13] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[10]

Consorts and children

[edit]
  • Empress: Kuwashi-hime (細媛命), Shiki no Agatanushi Oome's daughter
    • Son: Prince Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru (大日本根子彦国牽尊), later Emperor Kōgen
  • Consort: Kasuga no Chichihayamawaka-hime (春日之千千速真若比売)
    • Daughter: Princess Chichihaya-hime (千千速比売命)
  • Consort: Yamato no Kunika-hime (倭国香媛), Wachitsumi's daughter
  • Consort: Haeirodo (絙某弟), Yamato no Kunikahime's sister
  • Consort: Mashita-hime (真舌媛), Toshihiko Ohihiko's daughter

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[17] Ōkuninushi[18][19]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[20]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[21]
Kotoshironushi[22][23] Tamakushi-hime[21] Takeminakata[24][25] Susa Clan[26]
1 Jimmu[27]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[27]Kamo no Okimi[22][28]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[29][30][31][32][33][34] 2Isuzuyori-hime[32][33][34][28][35]Kamuyaimimi[29][30][31]
3 Annei[36][22][32][33][34]〔Ō clan[37][38]〕〔Aso clan[39]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[40][22]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[36][22]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][36]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][36]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[36][22][41]5Yosotarashi-hime[22]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[22]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][41]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][22][41]〔Wani clan〕[42]
7 Emperor Kōrei[43][22][41][44] 7Kuwashi-hime[44]
8 Emperor Kōgen[45][44]8Utsushikome [ja][45]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[43]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[46]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[d] [48][49]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][49]9 Emperor Kaika[45]Prince Ohiko [ja][50]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][49]10 Emperor Sujin[51][52]10Mimaki-hime[53]〔Abe clan〕[50]
Takenouchi no Sukune[49]11 Emperor Suinin[54][55]11Saho-hime[56]12Hibasu-hime [ja][57]Yasaka Iribiko[58][59][60]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][61]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][43]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[62]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[55][57]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][58][59][60]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][63]Yamato Takeru[64][65]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[64][65]
14Emperor Chūai[64][65] [66]15Empress Jingū[67] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[67]16Nakatsuhime[68][69][70]
16Emperor Nintoku[71]


See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[10]
  2. ^ The 29th Emperor[14][15]
  3. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[47]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b "孝霊天皇 (7)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 252. ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
  6. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 561. ISBN 9780674017535.
  7. ^ Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780231049405.
  8. ^ Chamberlain, Basil. The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882, reprinted in 1919. p. 196.
  9. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 111, 146–147. ISBN 9780524053478.
  11. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  12. ^ Miller, R. A. (2003). "Journal of Asian History". Journal of Asian History. 37 (2): 212–214. JSTOR 41933346. Review of Japan Encyclopedia
  13. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". The Japan Times Online. Japan Times. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  14. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
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  16. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  17. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  18. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
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  21. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  23. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
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  28. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
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  30. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  31. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
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  33. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  34. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  35. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  36. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  37. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  38. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  39. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  40. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  41. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  42. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  43. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
290 BC – 215 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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