Jump to content

Siege of Szigetvár

Coordinates: 46°03′03″N 17°47′49″E / 46.05083°N 17.79694°E / 46.05083; 17.79694
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Siege of Szigetvár
Battle of Szigeth
Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars
Ottoman wars in Europe
Ottoman–Habsburg War of 1565–1568

Nikola IV Zrinski's charge from the fortress of Szigetvár (painting by Johann Peter Krafft, 1825)
Date6 August 1566 – 8 September 1566 (1 month and 2 days)
Location
Szigetvár, Kingdom of Hungary
46°03′03″N 17°47′49″E / 46.05083°N 17.79694°E / 46.05083; 17.79694
Result Ottoman victory[1][2]
Territorial
changes		 Ottomans capture Szigetvár and place it under their Budin Eyalet
Belligerents
Commanders and leaders
Nikola IV Zrinski † Suleiman I #[a]
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
Strength

2,300[3] – 3,000[4] Croats and Hungarians[5][b]

  • 600 able-bodied men by the end of the siege[6]

100,000[7][8][c]

  • 80,000 Ottomans
  • 12,000 – 15,000 Tatars
  • 300 cannons[9]
Casualties and losses
  • Zrinski is killed in the final battle.
  • Almost entire garrison wiped out. 2,300 – 3,000 killed in combat.
    		•

    Heavy

    • Suleiman dies in his tent before the final assault.
    • 20,000[4] – 30,000[10][11] total killed and dead from sickness.

    The siege of Szigetvár or the Battle of Szigeth (pronunciation: [ˈsiɡɛtvaːr] Hungarian: Szigetvár ostroma; Croatian: Bitka kod Sigeta, Sigetska bitka; Turkish: Zigetvar Kuşatması) was an Ottoman siege of the fortress of Szigetvár in the Kingdom of Hungary. The fort had blocked Sultan Suleiman's line of advance towards Vienna in 1566.[12] The battle was fought between the defending forces of the Habsburg monarchy under the leadership of Nikola IV Zrinski, the former Ban of Croatia, and the invading Ottoman army under the nominal command of Sultan Suleiman.[12]

    In January 1566, Suleiman began his offensive campaign in Hungary.[13] The siege of Szigetvár was fought from 5 August to 8 September 1566 and it resulted in an Pyrrhic Ottoman victory,[14][15] as there were heavy losses on both sides. Both commanders died during the battle – Zrinski during the final charge and Suleiman in his tent from natural causes.[6][d] More than 20,000 Ottomans died during the siege, and almost all of Zrinski's 2,300-man garrison was killed, with most of the final 600 men killed on the last day.[4] Although the Ottomans were victorious, the siege stopped the planned Ottoman push towards Vienna that year. Vienna was not threatened again until the Battle of Vienna in 1683.[6]

    The importance of the battle was considered so great that the French clergyman and statesman Cardinal Richelieu was reported to have described it as "the battle that saved (Western) civilization".[3] The battle is still famous in Croatia and Hungary and inspired both the Hungarian epic poem The Siege of Sziget and the Croatian opera Nikola Šubić Zrinski.[16]

    Background

    See also: Ottoman–Habsburg War (1565–1568), Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568), and Ottoman–Habsburg wars

    Historical events

    A peace agreement between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans was in effect until 1552, when Suleiman decided to attack Eger. The Siege of Eger proved futile, and the Habsburg victory reversed a period of territorial losses in Hungary. Their retention of Eger gave the Austrians good reason to believe that Hungary was still contested ground and that the Ottoman campaign in Hungary had also ended, until its revival in 1566.[17]

    The siege of Tokaj in 1565 by the Imperial Army under the command of Lazarus von Schwendi[18] had angered Suleiman. The latter considered Transylvania to be his realm, and did not consider the peace treaty signed between John Sigismund Zápolya and the Holy Roman Empire to be valid.[19]

    A peace treaty between the Ottomans and Habsburgs had been negotiated in 1565 after Ferdinand's death in 1564.[20] Ottoman officials had sent multiple letters to Emperor Maximilian on the following issues: the payment of tribute, Habsburg infiltration in Ottoman territories, the return of the Ottoman emissary Hidayet Ağa, and the potential invalidity of the 1565 treaty if the Habsburgs did not withdraw their forces from Transylvania. These have been listed as some of the reasons for the Ottoman campaign in Hungary.[21][22]

    Szigetvár, Márk Horváth [hu], its commander, and bandits in the fort's vicinity had also been previously infuriating for Suleiman.[23] The Ottomans had already besieged the fort twice in 1555 and 1556.[24] In a letter he had sent to Ferdinand in 1557, he had written "The fortress of Szigetvár... When the haydud and robbers make trouble and commit evil acts, they take refuge in this fortress." Also, in a remark to the diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the year 1562, Suleiman had said: "'What', said he, 'might make us conclude peace, if those who are in charge of Sigeth will disturb it and continue the war?'"[25]

    Artistic impression of the fort of Szigetvár by the engravers Daniel Meisner [fr] and Eberhard Kieser, 1625

    Suleiman had written to John Sigismund on 7 October 1565 that "he would go to war the following spring, if Maximilian did not send an ambassador with suitable assurances of peace".[26] After the siege of Nagybanya by Schwendi, Suleiman wrote to John Sigismund that he would personally arrive in Hungary with his army by the following spring.[26]

    Geography

    Szigetvár was considered important primarily since forces dispatched from there could cut the enemy lines around the Danube river and thus threaten Buda and Ottoman Hungary. The fort had also obstructed Ottoman conquests in Southern Transdanubia because it controlled movement on the Drava river and had also threatened Virovitica and Požega among other Ottoman border forts in the region of Slavonia.[27]

    The fort was surrounded by the Mecsek range which provided natural defense.[28] The usage of canals ensured that the valley around the fort was always inundated with water. Even if a besieger was to break the canals, the dried waterbed around the fort would be muddy and covered with vegetation, thus preventing infantry charges and the deployment of artillery guns near the walls.[29] The fort did not have defensive outworks or a moat, partly because the marshland surrounding the fort was greater in width than most such constructions. Crossing the marshland was a complex task for any besieging army.[30]

    Logistics and preparation

    Habsburg

    On 18 August 1565, Emperor Maximilian wrote to his brothers that the Habsburgs would have to be prepared for a war.[31] However, since they had expected the main focus of the Ottoman campaign to be Vienna, they concentrated on the city and had no plans to lift the siege of Szigetvár.[32]

    Ottoman

    For the siege and campaign, soldiers were mobilized from the Hungarian and Balkan provinces administered by the beylerbey of Timișoara. The first royal decrees proclaiming a campaign were dispatched to multiple beylerbeys on the 13th[33] or 14th of November 1565.[34] The Ottoman government of the Sublime Porte fed wrong information to Habsburg envoys in order to mislead them about the targets and status of the campaign. Suleiman and his army set out for the campaign on 29 April 1566.[35] The historian Szabolcs Varga provides a figure of 50,000 for the size of the Ottoman army.[36] The Ottoman chief military engineer for the siege was Ali Portuk.[37]

    Zrinski

    To enhance the defenses of the fort of Szigetvár, Zrinski had started colleting taxes from multiple areas in the vicinity after he was made the captain general.[38] His initiative led to the fort becoming very large in size, the construction of small forts overlooking important inner roads and the placement of a swamp around the city.[39] Zrinski's strategy was to hold the towns and thus not provide an opening for an Ottoman attack on the fort.[40] Scholars agree that Zrínski's army msut have numbered around 2,300 soldiers and 2,000 civilians.[41]

    Campaign of 1566

    See also: List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent
    Ottoman miniature showing Szigetvár before the siege, 16th century
    A miniature showing the siege of Szigetvár, 16th century
    A miniature showing Ottoman council meeting after the conquest of Szigetvár, 16th century
    A miniature showing the distribution of rewards after the siege, 16th century

    The fort's defender, Count Nikola IV Zrinski, was one of the largest landholders in the Kingdom of Croatia, a seasoned veteran of border warfare, and a Ban (Croatian royal representative) from 1542 to 1556.[42]

    Suleiman's forces reached Belgrade on 27 June after 49 days of marching through Edirne, Plovdiv and Sofia. They constructed a bridge over the Sava river and arrived in Zemun.[43] Here he met with John II Sigismund Zápolya, whom he had earlier promised to make the ruler of all of Hungary.[44] Learning of Zrinski's success in an attack on a Turkish encampment at Siklós, Suleiman decided to postpone his attack on Eger (German: Erlau) and instead attack Zrinski's fortress at Szigetvár in order to neutralise him.[7][45]

    Szigetvár was divided by water into three sections: the old town, the new town, and the castle—each of which was linked to the next by bridges and to the land by causeways.[12] Although it was not built on particularly high ground, the inner castle, which occupied much of the area of today's castle, was not directly accessible to the attackers. This was because two other baileys had to be taken and secured before a final assault on the inner castle could be launched.[12]

    Siege

    See also: Turbék

    The Ottoman vanguard arrived near the fort on 1 August 1566.[37] The defenders made several successful sorties causing considerable loss to the Ottomans.[11] The Ottoman army had surrounded the fort and town by 5 August. Suleiman arrived on 9 August[35] and his war tent was erected on Semlék hill.[35] The Sultan stayed in his camp where he received verbal battle progress reports from Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, his Grand Vizier and the real operational commander of the Ottoman forces.[46]

    Count Zrinski found himself besieged by a hostile army of at least 150,000 soldiers with powerful artillery.[11] Zrinski had assembled a force of around 2,300 Croatian and Hungarian soldiers before the siege.[5] These troops consisted of his personal forces, and those of his friends and allies,[47] namely Count Gašpar Alapić [hr] and the lieutenants Miklouš Kobak, Petar Patačić, Vuk Papratović.[48][e] The majority of the defenders were Croatian, with a significant Hungarian contingent represented in both the soldiers and the leadership.[5][47]

    When the Sultan appeared before the fortress, he saw the walls hung with red cloth, as though for a festive reception, and a single cannon was fired once by the defenders to greet the monarch.[52] The siege began on 6 August when Suleiman ordered a general assault on the ramparts,[11] which was repulsed.[11] Despite being undermanned, and greatly outnumbered, the defenders were sent no reinforcements from Vienna by the imperial army.[11]

    On 7 August, the preparations for the siege began. Trenches were built, and from behind these lines cannon fire began. The fort's palisades were targeted first instead of the walls in order to make the defenders to come out. At night the artillery batteries were put up, and the next day artillery firing on the New Town's walls began. The historian József Kelenik argues that only field guns were used for this effort, and that the long-range siege guns were used only to bombard the fort. On 9 August, a battery of five guns began firing at the tower in the inner fort and destroyed its top level, because the tower had afforded full view of the Ottoman movements.[53]

    Bombardment of the New Town and the inner castle continued on 9 August. Trenches and batteries were constructed in an arc stretching from the southeast rampart. The Old Town was surrounded to the east by janissaries who were closing in on the walls, and to the west by a battery near the dam, while more batteries were built to bombard it. Preliminary work was initiated to break open the dam while guarded by 600 janissaries. The defenders retreated from New Town in the evening after incurring much damage from the bombardment.[54]

    On 10 August, the Ottomans initiated a large artillery offensive against the fort. Ottoman artillery began firing on its two southern parapets, meanwhile, the Old Town was fired upon by four or five batteries. Zrinski and his subordinates disagreed on what course to follow next. Zrinski intended to withdraw from the Old Town, but his subordinates wanted to hold onto it. Zrinski decided to keep holding the town because it would provide more time for the defenders and because evacuating 4,000 people from the town to the fort would be tough.[54]

    On 19 August, long sections of the Old Town's walls had collapsed. The defenders began retreating but were attacked by the Ottomans at the entrance of the fort's bridge, and the former lost many of their officers during the fighting. The bulwarks on the southwest and southeast parts of the fort had been under bombardment continuously for ten days, but had not broken, primarily due to the long distance from and constrained angle of fire of the batteries. An additional two batteries were deployed in the Old Town to the south of the fort, where they targeted the weakest and least defensible portions of the bastions. The cross beams of these structures were more vulnerable to bombardment and crumbled quickly.[30]

    Zrinski, advised by his experienced commanders, ordered 200 of his cavalry to prevent the Ottomans form draining the swamp surrounding the fort complex. This initiative failed; other ideas advanced by Zrinski's subordinates in the first two weeks of the siege also ended in failure. After the demise of his lieutenants and the Ottomans taking the towns, Zrinski commandeered the resistance himself.[36]

    The fort's walls were partly breached at the Hegy (lit. 'Mountain') Bastion, which was the one nearest to the Ottoman cannons. A bigger portion of the walls collapsed six days after the Old Town was taken by the Ottomans. The Ottoman commanders determined that this was the time to mount their first infantry attack.[30] On 26 August, they launched it but failed and suffered high losses. The purpose of this attack probably was to expand the breaches they had made by digging through them into the fort walls.[55] On 29 August, the Ottomans initiated another attack to decisively defeat the defenders; however, the attack failed and 4,000 Ottoman soldiers died.[36]

    After the infantry attacks, the besiegers' cannons began firing at the Nádasdy Bastion in the northeastern part of the fort. Also, siege embankments were raised against the southwestern and southeastern ramparts. Portuk died during the final phase of the siege. On 2 September, taking advantage of the nighttime darkness, the Ottomans fully breached the walls facing the Hegy Bastion, which had the best cannons in the fort. The janissaries placed inflammable substances in an opening they had mined into the Hegy Bastion. On 5 September, they lit the opening on fire using gunpowder. The fire expanded to the other buildings in the fort, and it could not be put out due to strong winds and the constant bombardment of the bastion's vicinity.[56]

    Zrinski was at the Nádasdy Bastion and had held out against two attacks there. He retreated to the inner fort, but much of the other troops on the outer fort could not, and the latter was taken by the Ottomans on 5 September.[57] The fall of the castle appeared inevitable but the Ottoman high command hesitated. On 6 September, Suleiman died in his tent. His death was kept secret at great effort, with only the Sultan's innermost circle knowing of his demise.[6] This was because the Ottomans feared that their soldiers would give up the battle if they knew that their leader had died, so his death was kept secret for 48 days. A courier was dispatched from the camp with a message for Suleiman's successor, Selim II. The courier may not even have known the content of the message he delivered to distant Asia Minor within a mere eight days.[6]

    Final battle

    The final battle began on 7 September, the day after Suleiman's demise.[58] By this time, the fort's walls had been reduced to rubble by mining them with explosives, and by wood fueled fires at the corners of the walls. In the morning an all-out attack began[4] with fusillades from small arms, Greek fire, and a concentrated cannonade: according to historian Robert William Fraser, more than 10,000 large cannonballs were shot into the fortress during the siege. Soon the castle, the last stronghold within Szigetvár, was set ablaze and cinders fell into the apartments of the count.[4]

    The Ottoman army swarmed through the city, drumming and yelling. Zrinski prepared for a last charge addressing his troops:

    ...Let us go out from this burning place into the open and stand up to our enemies. Who dies – he will be with God. Who dies not – his name will be honoured. I will go first, and what I do, you do. And God is my witness – I will never leave you, my brothers and knights!...

    When the Ottomans were pressing forward along a narrow bridge, the defenders opened the gate and fired a large mortar loaded with broken iron, killing 600 attackers.[7] Zrinski then ordered a charge and led his remaining 600 troops out of the castle.[7] He received two musket wounds in his chest and was killed shortly afterwards by an arrow to the head.[7] Some of his troops retired into the castle.[7]

    The Ottomans took the castle and most of the defenders were slain. A few of the captured defenders were spared by the Janissaries, who had admired their courage,[7] with only seven defenders managing to escape through the Ottoman lines. Zrinski's corpse was beheaded, and it was believed that his head was sent by Mehmed Pasha to either Sokullu Mustafa, the Pasha of Budin,[59][60] or to the new Sultan Selim II.[61] However, Zrinski's head had been sent by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to a camp in Győr. There, his son-in-law Boldizsár Batthyány [hr] took it so it could be buried by his son Juraj IV Zrinski and the noble Ferenc Tahy in September 1566 at the Pauline monastery in Sveta Jelena near Šenkovec, Croatia.[59][60] His body received an honourable burial by a Turk who had been his prisoner and had been treated well by him.[7]

    The Ottoman casualties during the siege have been estimated by Varga at around 20,000.[62]

    Powder magazine explosion

    Before leading the final sortie of the castle garrison, Zrinski ordered a fuse be lit to the powder magazine.[4][f] After cutting down the last of the defenders, the besiegers entered the fortress and fell into the booby trap;[6] thousands perished in the blast when the castle's magazine exploded.[63]

    The Vizier Ibrahim's life was saved by one of Zrinski's house helpers, who warned him of the trap when the Vizier and his troops searched for treasure and interrogated the survivors. While inquiring about the treasure, the helper replied that it had been long expended, but that 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of gunpowder was under their feet to which a slow match had been attached.[7] The Vizier and his mounted officers had just enough time to escape but 3,000 Ottoman soldiers died due to the explosion.[5][7][11][64]

    Aftermath

    See also: Treaty of Adrianople (1568)

    Almost all of Zrinski's garrison was wiped out after the final battle.[4] Ottoman casualties were also heavy. Three pashas (nobles), 7,000 Janissaries, and 28,000 other soldiers are said to have perished.[7] Sources vary on the exact number with estimates ranging from 20,000 to 35,000.[4][7][10]

    Ottoman expansion into Hungarian and Croatian lands after the battle of Szigetvár (map at the beginning of 1576)

    After the battle, the Grand Vizier forged bulletins in the Sultan's name, proclaiming victory.[6] His death meant that any advances in Europe were postponed, as the Grand Vizier had to return to Constantinople for the succession of the new Sultan, Selim II.[6][64] Even if Suleiman had lived, his army could not have achieved much in the short period between the fall of Szigetvár and the onset of winter.[65] The prolonged resistance at Szigetvár delayed the Ottoman push towards Vienna.[65]

    Two ambassadors were sent by Emperor Maximilian: the Croatian Antun Vrančić and the Styrian Christoph van Teuffenbach [nl]. They arrived in Istanbul on 26 August 1567 and were well received by Sultan Selim II.[66] An agreement ending the war between the Austrian and Ottoman empires was reached on 17 February 1568, after five months of negotiations with Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.[66] The Treaty of Adrianople was signed on 21 February 1568.[66] Sultan Selim II agreed to an eight-year truce,[8] and the agreement brought 25 years of (relative) peace between the Empires until the Long War began between them. The truce was conditional and Maximilian agreed to pay an annual tribute of 30,000 ducats.[65]

    Artistic depictions

    Head sculptures of Nikola IV Zrinski (left) and Sultan Suleiman (right) at the Hungarian-Turkish Friendship Park in Szigetvár

    A first-hand report by Zrinski's chamberlain, and a survivor of the siege, Franjo (Ferenc) Črnko was translated into Latin in 1568, being influential for inspiring epic literature about the siege.[67] The first such work was written by the Croatian Renaissance poet and writer Brne Karnarutić, from Zadar, who wrote The Conquest of the City of Sziget (Vazetje Sigeta grada) sometime before 1573.[68] The long poem Pjesma o Sigetu from the Cerkvena pesmarica, written in the Kajkavian dialect, dates from the late 16th or early 17th century.[69]

    The battle was also immortalized in the Hungarian epic poem Szigeti Veszedelem ("Peril of Sziget", 1651), written in fifteen parts by Zrinski's great-grandson Nicholas VII of Zrin (also a Ban of Croatia).[16] Petar Zrinski, the brother of Nicholas VII of Zrin, published the Opsida Sigecka (1660) in Croatian.[16]

    Another Croatian nobleman warrior-poet, Pavao Ritter Vitezović, wrote about the battle[70] in his poem Odiljenje sigetsko ("The Sziget Farewell"), first published in 1684.[71] Karl Theodor Körner, a German poet, wrote in 1812 a drama titled Zriny about the battle. Ivan Zajc's 1876 opera Nikola Šubić Zrinski is his most famous and popular work in Croatia.[72]

    Notes

    1. ^ Died of natural causes during the course of the siege
    2. ^ The only first-hand report of the siege, written in "Podsjedanje i osvojenje Sigeta" by Franjo (Ferenc) Črnko, Zrinski's chamberlain, and one of the survivors of the battle, states that a majority of the defenders were ethnic Croats. Later works, such as the "Vazetje Sigeta grada" (1573) by Brne Karnarutić, the "Szigeti veszedelem" (1647) by Nicholas VII Zrinski and the "Opsida Sigecka" (1647) by Peter Zrinski, also corroborate that Croats made up a majority of the defenders.
    3. ^ The number of 300,000 Ottomans mentioned by some chroniclers is probably overestimated. There is some tendency by some historians to exaggerate these figures to overstate the bravery of the outnumbered defenders of Szigetvár. Even though Suleiman had marched out of Istanbul on 1 May 1566 at the head of one of the largest armies he had ever commanded, the number of his forces was probably closer to 100,000 than to 300,000.
    4. ^ It is generally accepted that Suleiman died in his tent behind the siege lines from natural causes, before the Turks achieved victory. According to George F. Nafziger, Suleiman died of a heart attack when learned of his victory. According to Stephen Turnbull, several contemporary accounts, such as the ones used later by Nicholas VII Zrinski for his epic, attribute Suleiman's death to Zrinski's hand.
    5. ^ The other fallen members of Zrinski's troops besides count Gašpar Alapić and captains Miklouš Kobak, Petar Patačić, and Vuk Papratović,[49] were voivodes like Lovrenac, Martin Bošnjak, Petar Botoš, Petar Bata, Jurij Matijaš, Sekćidi Matijaš, Radovan, Dando Ferenac, Ivan Novaković, and Lovrinac Juranić.[50] In Samuel Budina's 1568 Latin translation are additionally mentioned Blaž Diak, while in epic literature (particularly the late 17th century Odiljenje sigetsko by Pavao Ritter Vitezović), are mentioned Deli-Vid Žarković and his wife Julijana, Petar Farkašić, Mate and Miloš Badnjaković, Juraj Ćaković, Andrija Gusić, Stipan Oršić, Mikula Sekulić, and Ilija Golem.[51]
    6. ^ According to Francis Lieber, explosion of the powder magazine is somewhat disputable.

    References

    Footnotes

    1. ^ Kohn (2006), p. 47.
    2. ^ Lázár and Tezla (1999), p. 70. Although the Turks won the battle, the outcome can be seen as a "pyrrhic victory", because of heavy Turkish casualties and the death of Sultan Suleiman. Moreover, the battle delayed the Ottoman push for Vienna that year and suspended the Ottoman expansion in Europe.
    3. ^ a b Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Item 548456. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
    4. ^ a b c d e f g h Lieber (1845), p. 345.
    5. ^ a b c d Wheatcroft (2009), pp. 59–60.
    6. ^ a b c d e f g h Turnbull (2003), p. 57.
    7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shelton (1867), pp. 82–83.
    8. ^ a b Elliott (2000), p. 117.
    9. ^ "Nikola Subic Zrinski". Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
    10. ^ a b Tait (1853), p. 679.
    11. ^ a b c d e f g Coppée (1864), pp. 562–565.
    12. ^ a b c d Turnbull (2003), p. 56.
    13. ^ Turnbull (2003), p. 55.
    14. ^ Kohn, George C., ed. (2006). Dictionary of Wars (Third ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8160-6577-6.
    15. ^ Lázár, István; Tezla, Albert (1999). An Illustrated History of Hungary (6th ed.). Budapest: Corvina Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-963-13-4887-3.
    16. ^ a b c Cornis-Pope and Neubauer (2004), pp. 518–522.
    17. ^ Turnbull (2003), p. 52.
    18. ^ Zenoi, Domenico (23 May 2024). "RCIN 721042 - View of the siege of Tokay, 1565 (Tokaj, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hungary) 48°07ʹ00ʺN  21°25ʹ00ʺE". Military Maps, Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 12 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    19. ^ Vatin & Römer 2019, pp. 346–347, n. 30.
    20. ^ Vatin & Römer 2019, p. 345.
    21. ^ Vatin & Römer 2019, pp. 350–351, 356.
    22. ^ Tracy 2019, pp. 359–360.
    23. ^ Varga 2019, pp. 385, 387–388.
    24. ^ Varga 2019, p. 380.
    25. ^ Vatin & Römer 2019, p. 349.
    26. ^ a b Tracy 2019, p. 374.
    27. ^ Varga 2019, p. 379.
    28. ^ Kelenik 2019, p. 399.
    29. ^ Kelenik 2019, p. 401.
    30. ^ a b c Kelenik 2019, p. 405.
    31. ^ Tracy 2019, p. 371.
    32. ^ Varga 2019, pp. 391, 394.
    33. ^ Tracy 2019, p. 359.
    34. ^ Vatin & Römer 2019, p. 348.
    35. ^ a b c Varga 2019, p. 391.
    36. ^ a b c Varga 2019, p. 393.
    37. ^ a b Kelenik 2019, p. 402.
    38. ^ Varga 2019, pp. 385–386.
    39. ^ Varga 2019, p. 387.
    40. ^ Varga 2019, p. 392.
    41. ^ Varga 2019, p. 392; Kelenik 2019, p. 401.
    42. ^ Krokar Slide Set #27, image 42
    43. ^ Fodor 2019, p. 412.
    44. ^ Turnbull (2003), pp. 55–56.
    45. ^ Setton (1991), pp. 845–846.
    46. ^ Sakaoğlu (1999), pp. 140–141.
    47. ^ a b Perok (1861), pp. 46–48.
    48. ^ Pranjić 2016, pp. 19...kapitane: kneza Gašpara Alapija, Miklouša Kobaka, Petra Patačića, Vuka Papratovića
    49. ^ Etnografija Hrvata u Mađarskoj. Mikszáth Kiadó. 2003. p. 29. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2020. Gašpar Alapić (maď. Alapi Gáspár): bliski rodak Nikole Zrinskog, suprug njegove sestre, tj. bio je šogor (šurjak) Zrinskog, zamjenik kapetana Sigeta, koji je preživjeo opsadu i zauzeće Sigeta ... Mikloš Kobak (maď. Kobak Miklós), Petar Patačić (maď. Patatics Péter, vjerojatno zbog lošeg prijepisa Budine), Vuk Paprutović (maď. Papratovics Farkas, vjerojatno zbog lošeg prijepisa Budine) bili su poručnici, odnosno vojvode Nikole Zrinskog.
    50. ^ Pranjić 2016, pp. 19, 26–27, 30.
    51. ^ Pranjić 2016, pp. 171–181; Budina 2021, pp. 93, 165, 323.
    52. ^ Roworth (1840), p. 53.
    53. ^ Varga 2019, p. 403.
    54. ^ a b Kelenik 2019, p. 404.
    55. ^ Kelenik 2019, p. 406.
    56. ^ Kelenik 2019, p. 407.
    57. ^ Kelenik 2019, p. 408.
    58. ^ Varga 2019, p. 394.
    59. ^ a b Hrvoje Petrić (2017). "Nikola IV. Šubić Zrinski: O 450. obljetnici njegove pogibije i proglašenju 2016. "Godinom Nikole Šubića Zrinskog"" [Nikola IV. Šubić Zrinski: About 450th anniversary of his death and proclaiming of 2016 the year of Nikola Šubić Zrinski]. Hrvatska revija (in Croatian) (3). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska: 29–33. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
    60. ^ a b Walton, Jeremy F. (2019). "Sanitizing Szigetvár: On the post-imperial fashioning of nationalist memory". History and Anthropology. 30 (4). Routledge: 434–447. doi:10.1080/02757206.2019.1612388. hdl:21.11116/0000-0003-AC84-6.
    61. ^ Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2001). Bu Mülkün Sultanları: 36 Osmanlı Padişahi. Oğlak Yayıncılık ve Reklamcılık. p. 141. ISBN 978-975-329-299-3.
    62. ^ Varga 2019, p. 395.
    63. ^ Dupuy (1970), p. 501.
    64. ^ a b Nafziger & Walton (2003), p. 105
    65. ^ a b c Elliott (2000), p. 118.
    66. ^ a b c Setton (1984), pp. 921–922.
    67. ^ Pranjić 2016, pp. 6–7, 11–12.
    68. ^ Karnarutić (1866), pp. 1–83.
    69. ^ Pranjić 2016, pp. 81.
    70. ^ Anzulovic (2000), pp. 57–58.
    71. ^ Anzulovic 2000, p. 57–58.
    72. ^ Rockwell, John (29 April 1986). "Opera: Zajc's 'Nikola Subic Zrinski'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2009.

    Bibliography

    Further reading

    • Barabás, Samu, ed. (1898). Codex Epistolaris et Diplomaticus Comitis Nicolai de Zrinio. Zrínyi Miklós a Szigetvári hős életére vonatkozó levelek és okiratok: 1535-1565, Volume 29.
    • Barabás, Samu, ed. (1899). Codex Epistolaris et Diplomaticus Comitis Nicolai de Zrinio. Zrínyi Miklós a Szigetvári hős életére vonatkozó levelek és okiratok: 1566-1567, Volume 30.
    • Fraser, Robert William (1854). Turkey, ancient and modern: a history of the Ottoman Empire from the period of its establishment to the present time. A. & C. Black.
    • Isthuanffio (Istvánffy), Nicolao (Miklós) (1724). Regni Hungarici historia: post obitum gloriosissimi Mathiæ Corvini regis XXXIV. quo apostolicum hoc regnum Turcarum potissimùm armis barbarè invasum, libris XXXIV: Rerum in Pannonia, Dalmatia, Transylvania, Moldavia, Bosnia, Illyrico, cæterisque confiniis integrum ultra sæculum, ab anno 1490. pp.288-304.
    • Mesić, Matija (1866). Život Nikole Zrinjskoga Sigetskoga junaka,
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Szigetvár.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Szigetvár&oldid=1247545328"