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East Kalimantan

Coordinates: 1°3′N 116°19′E / 1.050°N 116.317°E / 1.050; 116.317
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(Redirected from Kalimantan Timur)

East Kalimantan
Kalimantan Timur
Province
Province of East Kalimantan
Provinsi Kalimantan Timur
Coat of arms of East Kalimantan
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Benua Etam (Tenggarong Kutai Malay)
"Place of origin"
Motto(s): 
روحوي رحايو (Banjar)
Ruhui rahayu
"Perfect harmony by the blessings of God"
   East Kalimantan in    Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 1°3′N 116°19′E / 1.050°N 116.317°E / 1.050; 116.317
Capital
and largest city		Samarinda
Government
 • BodyEast Kalimantan Provincial Government
 • GovernorAkmal Malik (acting)
 • Vice GovernorVacant
Area
 • Total127,346.92 km2 (49,168.92 sq mi)
 • Rank3rd in Indonesia
Highest elevation
(Mount Cemaru)
1,636 m (5,367 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 estimate)[1]
 • Total4,030,488
 • Density32/km2 (82/sq mi)
Demographics
[2]
 • Ethnic groups29.55% Javanese
18.26% Buginese
13.94% Banjarese
9.91% Dayak
9.21% Kutai
 • LanguagesIndonesian (official)
Banjarese, Buginese, Dayak, Kutai Malay (regional)
Time zoneWITA (UTC+8)
GDP (nominal)2022[3]
 - TotalRp 921.3 trillion (7th)
US$ 62.1 billion
Int$ 193.6 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaRp 238.7 million (2nd)
US$ 16,075
Int$ 50,162 (PPP)
 - GrowthIncrease 4.48%[4]
HDIIncrease 0.786 (3rd) – high
Websitekaltimprov.go.id

East Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Timurⓘ) is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the current boundary),[5] 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census;[6] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,030,488.[1] Its capital is the city of Samarinda.

East Kalimantan has a total area of 127,346.92 square kilometres (49,168.92 sq mi)[7] and is the second least densely populated province in Kalimantan.[8] The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi; its Cape Mangkalihat separates the Makassar Strait from the Celebes Sea. Its former northernmost region was split off on 25 October 2012 and is now North Kalimantan; meanwhile it still shares land border to the west with West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan; to its south, East Kalimantan borders South Kalimantan. The province bordered Sabah before the split, but still borders Sarawak, Malaysia through Mahakam Ulu Regency.

On 11 January 2013, the existing West Kutai Regency was split in two, with the northwesternmost five districts forming a new Mahakam Ulu Regency. East Kalimantan is now divided into seven regencies and three cities. Akmal Malik is the current acting governor of East Kalimantan.[9]

New national capital

[edit]
See also: Nusantara (city)

The province will host the future capital city of Indonesia that will be built on the borders of Kutai Kartanegara and Penajam North Paser Regencies. The future capital is to be named Nusantara,[10] with construction originally projected to start in 2020, and intended to conclude in 2024. However, at a hearing before Committee V of Indonesia's House of Representatives on 9 June 2020, a government representative asserted that the government had not allocated the 2022 budget for the project (for 2022, the ministry proposed a budget worth over 100.46 trillion rupiah - over 7 billion US$ - a steep reduction from the figure of 149.81 trillion rupiah in 2021). Earlier, the National Planning Development Authority had said that the total sum needed to move the capital from its current location in Jakarta to East Kalimantan province amounted to 486 trillion rupiah, of which 265.2 trillion will be mobilised through the public-private partnership (PPP), 127.3 trillion from private special funds, and 93.5 trillion from the state budget. But the Ministry of Finance said that the government switched its priorities to mitigating the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ministry announced that it had not allocated budget for the new capital project. Nevertheless, the new national capital was formally inaugurated in August 2024.

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]
One of the oldest known figurative paintings, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave dated as over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old.[11]

East Kalimantan was once mostly covered by tropical rainforest. In prehistoric times, there was limestone cave called Lubang Jeriji Saléh located in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst in the district of Bengalon, East Kutai, believed to contain one of the oldest figurative art in the world.[12] The cave paintings were first spotted in 1994 by the French explorer Luc-Henri Fage and the French archaeologist Jean-Michel Chazine, from Kalimanthrope.[13] In 2018, a team of scientists investigating the cave, led by Maxime Aubert from Griffith University and Pindi Setiawan from the Bandung Institute of Technology, published a report in the journal Nature identifying the paintings as the world's oldest known figurative art.[14][15] The team had previously investigated cave paintings in the neighbouring island of Sulawesi.[16] In order to date the paintings, the team used dating techniques on the calcium carbonate (limestone) deposits close to them.[11][17]

4th century to 17th century

[edit]
The ancient Yūpa inscription of Mulavarman, king of Kutai Martadipura dating back to the 4th century CE discovered in present Muara Kaman area, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

East Kalimantan is home to several kingdoms, such as the first and oldest Hindu kingdom of Indonesia, the Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura founded in the 4th century CE, it was then succeeded by the Sultanate of Kutai ing Martadipura in the 14th century CE. Other kingdoms are also located in East Kalimantan such as the Sultanate of Pasir. East Kalimantan region include Pasir, Kutai, Berau and also Karasikan (Buranun / pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as conquered territory Suryanata Maharaja, the governor of Majapahit in the State Dipa (which is located in the Great Temple in Amuntai) until 1620 in the Sultanate of Banjar. However, in the Chinese History Annals, Ming shi 明史, at 1417, some parts of the eastern Kalimantan was recorded as a kingdom under the rule of the Philippine kingdom of then Hindu Sulu as Kalimantan was ruled by a Sulu monarch named Mahalatu Gelamading (Maharaja Klainbantangan) where his title, Klainbantangan, in Chinese rendering, was named after his territory Kalimantan. At this point in time, Sulu had rebelled against Majapahit rule and had invaded Northeast and East Borneo until the very territory of Kalimantan.[18] Between the years 1620–1624, kingdoms in East Kalimantan turned into an area influence of the Sultanate of Sultan Alauddin Makassar, before the Bungaya agreement. According to the Hikayat Banjar, the Sultan of Makassar never borrowed land for trade covers an area east and southeast of Borneo to the Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with the Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le 'Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang, which became Mangkubumi and principal advisor to the Sultan Muhammad Said, king of Gowa in 1638–1654 and also in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin, which will make the East Kalimantan region as a place to trade for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo), since that began to arrive people from South Sulawesi. However, based on the agreement between the Sultanate of Banjar and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1635, VOC help Banjar restore lands in East Kalimantan into spheres of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar. It is embodied in the Bungaya agreement, that the Sultanate of Makassar are not allowed to trade up to the east and the north Borneo.

18th century to 20th century

[edit]

In accordance with treaties, on January 1, 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar handed East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, part of West and South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) over to the Dutch East Indies. On May 4, 1826, Sultan Adam al-wathiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the handover of these territories to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. In 1846, the Dutch began to put a Resident Assistant in East Borneo at Samarinda (now the province of East Kalimantan and the eastern part of South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. East Kalimantan was then part of the Dutch East Indies. East Kalimantan with its then administrative area was established based on the Law No. 25 of 1956 with the first governor being APT Pranoto.

Split of North Kalimantan province

[edit]

North Kalimantan was formally inaugurated as the 34th province of Indonesia on April 15, 2013. The new province was previously part of East Kalimantan Province.[19]

Geography

[edit]

East Kalimantan Province comprises a land area of 125,336.81 square kilometers and a comprehensive ocean management area of 25,656 km2, located between 113°44'E and 119°00'E, and between 2°33'N and 2°25'S. The province is divided into seven regencies (kabupaten) and three cities (kota), together subdivided into 103 districts (kecamatan) and then into 1,026 villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan). The regencies (with their administrative capitals) and cities are enumerated below. East Kalimantan is one of the main gates to the eastern part of Indonesia. The area is also known as a storehouse of timber and mining, has hundreds of rivers (scattered across almost all regencies and cities) which area the main means of transportation in addition to land transport, with the longest river being the Mahakam.

East Kalimantan borders North Kalimantan in the north, South Kalimantan in the south, Central Kalimantan in the southwest, and West Kalimantan and Sarawak in the east. It touches the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in the east, with its large Mangkalihat Peninsula separating the two. There are hills in almost all districts, and there are numerous lakes. Most lakes are located in the Kutai Regency, with the most extensive lakes, Semayang and Melintang, having an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha respectively.

Climate

[edit]

Such as the climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan tropical climate and has two seasons, dry and rainy seasons. The dry season usually occurs in May to October, while the rainy season in November to April. This situation continued every year interspersed with transitional season in certain months. Moreover, because of its location on the equator, the climate in East Kalimantan are also affected by wind monsoon, monsoon wind is November–April west and east monsoon winds from May to October. In recent years, the situation in East Kalimantan season is sometimes erratic. In the months that it is supposed to rain, there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the months that should be dry it rains for a much longer time.

Temperature and humidity

[edit]

Temperatures somewhere high and low are determined by the area of the ocean surface and the distance from the beach. In general, East Kalimantan hot climates with temperatures in 2013 ranged from 21.6 °C in Berau October to 35.6 °C in Berau in September. Aside from being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average humidity between 83 and 87 percent of East Kalimantan. The lowest air humidity observed by the meteorological station Samarinda happens in a few months with 82 percent humidity. While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.

Rainfall and wind conditions

[edit]

Rainfall in East Kalimantan region varies by month and location of monitoring stations. Average highest rainfall recorded at the Meteorological Station Berau amounted to 245.1 mm and the lowest for the year 2013 was recorded at the Meteorological Station Samarinda is 237.8 mm. At some monitoring stations monitor wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013. Observations show that wind speeds between 3 and 4 knots. The highest wind speed was 4 knots in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest was 3 knots in Samarinda.

Government and administrative divisions

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 733,797—    
1980 1,218,016+66.0%
1990 1,876,663+54.1%
1995 2,314,183+23.3%
2000 2,451,895+6.0%
2010 3,028,487+23.5%
2015 3,422,676+13.0%
2020 3,766,039+10.0%
2023 4,030,488+7.0%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2024 and previous.
These figures before 2010 include the population of the city and four northerly regencies split off in that year to form the new North Kalimantan Province; subsequent figures exclude them.
East Kalimantan Governor Office
Map of regencies and cities

When it was first created, East Kalimantan province was composed of four regencies (kabupaten) - Paser (spelt Pasir until 2007), Kutai (renamed as Kutai Kartanegara in 2002), Berau and Bulungan - and two cities (kota) - Balikpapan and Samarinda. On 8 October 1997, a third city - Tarakan - was created from part of Bulungan Regency. On 4 October 1999 a fourth city - Bontang - was created from part of Kutai Regency, while four new regencies were created - Malinau and Nunukan from parts of Bulungan Regency, and East Kutai and West Kutai from the remaining parts of Kutai Regency (which ceased to exist). Two further regencies were set up - Penajam North Paser from part of Pasir Regency on 10 April 2002, and Tana Tidung from part of Bulungan Regency on 17 July 2007. By early 2012 therefore, East Kalimantan was divided into ten regencies and four cities.

On 22 October 2012, the Indonesian House of Representatives agreed to the creation of a new province out of the four most northerly of the Regencies in East Kalimantan, namely Bulungan, Malinau, Nunukan and Tana Tidung, together with one city, Tarakan. Accordingly, these were split off to form the new province of North Kalimantan on 25 October 2012. The totals below have been adjusted to take account of the removal of Tarakan City and four regencies.

The existing West Kutai Regency was then split into two on 14 December 2012, with the northern districts split off to form the new Mahakam Ulu Regency, thus leaving the following seven regencies and three cities to comprise the reduced East Kalimantan. These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[5] and 2020 Census,[6] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[20]

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
City or
Regency		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
census		 Pop'n
2015
census		 Pop'n
2020
census		 Pop'n
mid 2022
estimate		 Capital HDI[21]
2019
64.01 Paser Regency 11,603.94 230,316 261,736 275,452 303,424 Tanah Grogot 0.723 (High)
64.02 West Kutai Regency
(Kutai Barat)		 20,384.60 140,097 145,728 172,288 177,007 Sendawar 0.716 (High)
64.03 Kutai Kartanegara Regency 27,263.10 626,680 716,319 729,382 788,113 Tenggarong 0.738 (High)
64.04 East Kutai Regency
(Kutai Timur)		 31,239.84 255,637 318,950 434,459 455,504 Sangatta 0.735 (High)
64.05 Berau Regency 36,962.37 179,079 208,394 248,035 280,998 Tanjung Redeb 0.749 (High)
64.09 Penajam North Paser Regency
(Penajam Paser Utara)		 3,333.06 142,922 154,020 178,681 196,566 Penajam 0.716 (High)
64.11 Mahakam Ulu Regency
(Mahakam Ulu)		 18,427.81 24,994 25,946 32,513 38,498 Ujoh Bilang 0.676 (Medium)
64.71 Balikpapan City 511.01 557,579 614,663 688,318 738,532 Balikpapan 0.801 (Very High)
64.72 Samarinda City 718.00 727,500 811,314 827,994 861,878 Samarinda 0.802 (Very High)
64.73 Bontang City 161.88 143,683 165,606 178,917 189,968 Bontang 0.801 (Very High)
Totals 127,346.92 3,028,487 3,422,676 3,766,039 4,030,488 Samarinda 0.766 (High)

As of July 2023, the new capital of Nusantara (tentatively designated IKN Nusantara) has not officially gazetted separate as a jurisdiction per Interior Ministry in practice, but is reported to cover 2,561 km2. including 682 km2 of ocean; it includes a central likely government heavy area named KIPP with IKN, would occupy 66.7 km2 and 200,000 strong staffers and families from Jakarta. liputan reports.

The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The East Kalimantan Electoral District consists of all of the 7 regencies and 3 cities in the province, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council. For the present Parliament, this includes the area and population of the newly-designated national capital of Nusantara.[22]

Education

[edit]

Schools

[edit]

Ecology

[edit]
Logging road in East Kalimantan: logged forest on the left, primary forest on the right
Melintan Lake in Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Illegal logging has removed much of the original forests of the province. Less than half the original forest remains in places such as the Kayan Mentarang and the Kutai national parks.

The projects that supports tropical rainforest conservation includes a WWF project[23] and Samboja Lestari lodge, one of Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation's reforestation and orangutan rehabilitation projects.[24]

Economy

[edit]

East Kalimantan GDP share by sector (2022)[25]

  Agriculture (7.04%)
  Manufacturing (15.05%)
  Other Industrial (7.79%)
  Mining and Quarrying (53.24%)
  Service (16.88%)
Economy of East Kalimantan is very dependent on Petroleum and Mining, especially in Coal.

East Kalimantan's economy heavily depends on earth resources such as oilfield exploration, natural gas, coal and gold.[26][27] Balikpapan has an oil refinery plant that was built by Dutch governance before World War II, destroyed during World War II, and rebuilt after Indonesian independence.[citation needed]

Other developing economic sectors include agriculture and tourism.[28]

Obstacles to economic development include a lack of transportation infrastructure.[29] Transportation depends on traditional boats connecting coastal cities and areas along main river, Mahakam River.[30]

In 2012, Russia's state railway firm Joint Stock Company (JSC) signed a memorandum of understanding with the East Kalimantan governor over railway lines to transport coal and other freight. The first stage will connect an area near Balikpapan port to West Kutai Regency in a 183-kilometer line and is estimated to cost about $1.8 billion. It will commence in 2013 and by 2017 it is hoped that it carry 20 million tons of coal annually. The second phase will connect a line to Murung Raya in Central Kalimantan with a 60 kilometer line, which will cost an estimated $600 million.[31]

Several oil fields have been discovered in the Mahakam River Delta including Attaka, Badak (1971), Semberah, Nilam, Sanga Sanga, Bekapai (1972), Handil (1974), Samboja, Jakin and Sepinggan.[32][33][34] The Handil, Badak and Bekapai fields are anticline structural traps with oil reservoir sandstones between 450 and 2900 m.[32]: 399  The delta is in the Kutai basin, bounded by the Mankalihat and Paternoster carbonate arch, containing Eocene shales overlain by Oligocene fluvial deposits during marine regression, culminating in the formation of the delta in the late Miocene.[32]: 400 

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnicities of East Kalimantan – 2010 Census[2]
Ethnic group Percentage
Javanese
 
 29.55%
Bugis
 
 18.26%
Banjar
 
 13.94%
Dayak
 
 9.91%
Kutai
 
 9.21%
Sundanese
 
 1.59%
Madurese
 
 1.24%
Chinese
 
 1.16%
Toraja
 
 1.16%
Others
 
 13.18%
Ronggeng Paser Dance from the Paser tribe.
Weaving dance from Dayak Kenyah tribe

The most populous ethnic group in East Kalimantan is the Javanese (29.55%) who are spread in almost all regions, especially the transmigration areas to urban areas. The second largest ethnic group is Bugis (18.26%), which occupy many coastal areas and urban areas. The third largest ethnicity is Banjar (13.94%) who are quite dominant in the city of Samarinda and Balikpapan. East Kalimantan is a major destination of migrants from Jawa, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.With population of approximately 3.859 million, and area of 127,347 km2, the province is considered sparsely populated.

The fourth largest group is the Dayak (9.91%), which occupies the interior part of the province. Kutai (9.21%) which inhabit Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai, was fifth. In the sixth to ten consecutively are Toraja (1.16%), Paser (1.89%), Sunda (1.59%), Madura (1.24%) and Auto Buton (1.25%), and the rest are other groups from various regions in Indonesia.

Language

[edit]

People in East Kalimantan generally use Indonesian in official purposes and Banjarese for inter-ethnic communication. Due to the large number of Banjarese people in the province, their language became the main lingua franca especially in cities like Samarinda and Balikpapan. Besides Banjarese, there is a significant presence of Javanese and Buginese speakers as well, due to the large migration of Javanese and Buginese people into the region.

Other languages spoken in East Kalimantan is Kutai Malay (a distinct Malay variety closely related but distinct from Banjarese), Paser (related to Lawangan), Tidung, Berau Malay, Tunjung, Bahau, Modang Lundayeh and more others. However, Kutai, Paser, and Kenyah languages are considered under the threat of extinction.[35]

Religion

[edit]

Religion in East Kalimantan (2022)[36]

  Islam (87.44%)
  Protestantism (7.49%)
  Roman Catholic (4.44%)
  Buddhism (0.39%)
  Hinduism (0.22%)
  Confucianism (0.01%)
  Folk religion (0.01%)

According to the 2021 estimates, 3,320,000 people are Muslims, 286,150 are Protestants, 168,140 are Roman Catholics, 15,630 are Buddhists, 8,500 are Hindus and 308 are Confucians or adhere to folk religions.

  • Islamic Centre Samarinda
    Islamic Centre Samarinda
  • Sangatta Catholic Church
    Sangatta Catholic Church
  • Eka Dharma Manggala Buddhist temple
    Eka Dharma Manggala Buddhist temple

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64)
  2. ^ a b "BPS -". Kaltim.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  3. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  4. ^ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
  5. ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  6. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  7. ^ revised area following the removal of Tarakan city and four regencies to form the new North Kalimantan province in 2012, and subsequently amended by BPS.
  8. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 Data Agregat Per Provinsi" (PDF). Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010.
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  11. ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (7 November 2018). "In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World – A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  12. ^ Aubert, M.; Setiawan, P.; Oktaviana, A. A.; Brumm, A.; Sulistyarto, P. H.; Saptomo, E. W.; Istiawan, B.; Ma'rifat, T. A.; Wahyuono, V. N.; Atmoko, F. T.; Zhao, J.-X.; Huntley, J.; Taçon, P. S. C.; Howard, D. L.; Brand, H. E. A. (7 November 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo". Nature. 564 (7735). Springer Nature America, Inc: 254–257. Bibcode:2018Natur.564..254A. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 30405242. S2CID 53208538.
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  21. ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik".
  22. ^ Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
  23. ^ http://www.panda.org/heart-of-borneo/ WWF Heart of Borneo conservation initiative – orang-utan, rhinoceros and pygmy elephant cling for survival.
  24. ^ "Home". sambojalodge.com.
  25. ^ "Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2023". Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
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  28. ^ "Expedition Magazine | Agriculture in Interior Borneo". www.penn.museum. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  29. ^ Tarahita, Dikanaya; Rakhmat, Muhammad Zulfikar. "Solving Indonesia's Infrastructure Gap". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
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  31. ^ "Russian firm signs MoU to build $2.4 billion railway". 8 February 2012.
  32. ^ a b c Verdier, A.C., Oki, T., and Suardy, A., 1980, Geology of the Handil Field (East Kalimantan-Indonesia), in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 401
  33. ^ Huffington, R.M., and Helmig, H.M., Discovery and Development of the Badak Field, East Kalimantan, Indonesia,1980, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 441
  34. ^ DeMatharel, M., Lehmann, P., Oki, T., Geology of the Bekapai Field, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade:1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0-89181-306-3, p. 459
  35. ^ "Tiga dari 16 Bahasa Daerah di Kaltim Nyaris Punah, Satu Diantaranya Bahasa Paser". pusaranmedia.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  36. ^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
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