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Hashem Aghajari

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Hashem Aghajari
Aghajari in 2019
Born
Seyyed Hashem Aghajari

1957 (age 66–67)
Abadan, Iran
NationalityIranian
Political partyMojahedin of the Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization
Academic background
Alma mater
ThesisClergy and Sultanate in Safavid Persia (1995)
Doctoral advisorEhsan Eshraghi
InfluencesAli Shariati
Academic work
DisciplineHistory
InstitutionsTarbiat Modares University
Main interestsSafavid Iran
Notable works"Shariati and Islamic Protestanism"

Seyyed Hashem Aghajari (Persian: سیدهاشم آقاجری, born 1957) is an Iranian historian, university professor and a critic of the Islamic Republic's government who was sentenced to death in 2002 for apostasy for a speech he gave on Islam urging Iranians to "not blindly follow" Islamic clerics.[1] In 2004, after domestic Iranian and international outcry, his sentence was reduced to five years in prison.[2]

Overview

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Hashem Aghajari served in the Iran-Iraq War where he lost his right leg below the knee,[3] and his brother. He has been described as having an "impeccable Islamic revolutionary record."[4]

He was a history professor at Tarbiat Modares University,[5] a teacher-training college in Tehran. In June 2002, Aghajari gave an address in Hamadan commemorating the 25th anniversary of the death of Dr. Ali Shariati, criticized some of the present Islamic practices in Iran as being in contradiction with the original practices and ideology of Islam, and calling for "Islamic Protestantism" and reform in Islam. This prompted an "immediate outcry" from hardline clerics, who claimed that he was attacking "the Prophet of Islam and fundamental Shiite Islamic traditions", although Dr. Aghajari has repeatedly denied that his speech was intended as an attack on Islam or the Prophet.[6]

Arrest, trial, sentence and imprisonment

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He was arrested 8 August. The trial was criticized not only for its harshness but for falling "far short of international standards of due process," being "conducted behind closed doors", and giving the defendant "only limited access to his lawyer."[7] According to the conservative newspaper Jumhuri Eslami, the Supreme Leader's order was (at first) "flagrantly" ignored by prosecutor general Abdolnabi Namazi.[8] According to The Economist magazine, Supreme leader Khamenei ordered the judiciary to review Aghajari's death sentence, but "hardliners in the judiciary at first ignored" his order "then assigned their least lenient judges to the review."[9][10]

Although other controversial death sentences have been reduced on appeal, Aghajari refused to appeal the ruling, announcing through his lawyer that "those who have issued this verdict have to implement it if they think it is right or else the judiciary has to handle it."[3] While in prison his family reported that Aghajari's amputated leg stub was bruised and infected and that he was "unable to stand up, walk or use the prison's hygiene facilities."[5] The human rights group, Amnesty International, campaigned against the sentence.[11]

The death sentence was denounced by many. The Iranian parliament, President Mohammad Khatami, and Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri[4] condemned it.[12]

Demonstrations against the sentence began the day after it was made public on November 6. They are thought to have attracted no more than 5000 participants but nonetheless were "the most serious protests in Iran since 1999" and are thought to have provoked Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei to order a review of the verdict and a threat to use "popular forces" (Basij) against the demonstrators.[13][14]

The sentence was later commuted to three years in jail, two years in probation, and five years' suspension of his social rights by the Supreme Court of Iran. In May 2004 the original regional court reinstated the death sentence, but the next month Iran's Supreme Court again reduced it.[15][16]

He was released from prison July 31, 2004 after paying a bail of $122,500, according to the Associated Press.[15][17]

He speaks out against the notion of the crime of apostasy during a seminar in 2008.[18]

In 2014, he was again sentenced to one year in prison in charge of "propaganda against the regime".[19]

Explanation

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According to Mashallah Shamsolvaezin, a "leading Iranian newspaper editor and confidant of Iranian President Mohammad Khatami" interviewed by Newsweek magazine, the arrest and stiff sentence were an attempt to distract attention from two bills to increase the power of president and curb the hard-liner conservatives' supervisory power which reformist President Khatami had introduced into Parliament.[20]

The failure of Iran's Hezbollah paramilitaries to make "a serious attempt to break up" the peaceful reformist student protests over the sentence was thought to be associated with Supreme Leader Khamenei's implicit criticism of the sentence and the "impartiality" of his failing to side with conservative hardliners.[21]

Publications

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  • The Role Of The Policies Of The Successors Of The Malikshah In The Political Instability Of The Seljuk State, 2018 (Co-author)
  • The challenge of carpet job-shop in the Qajar period with developments affected by the Industrial Revolution, Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History 2021. (Co-author)
  • The Influence of Nader Shah's Militarism Policies on the Iranian Foreign Trade, Journal of Iranian Islamic Period History 2018. (Co-author)
  • Aghajari, Hashem; Zonourian, Vahid; Sadeghi, Maghsod Ali (2019). "Exploring the role of mortmain in the lives of the poor (with an emphasis on the Rashid-al-din hamedani actions)". Journal of Iran History. 11 (2): 29–56. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  • Aghajari, Hashem; Babaei, Siab Ali; Janahamadi, Fatemeh (2019). "The Historical Perspective Of Isma' Ilis Philosophical Components". Historical Perspective & Historiography. 29 (33): 55–75. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  • Aghajari, Hashem; Fasihi, Simin; Abbasi, Somayeh (2020). "Language And Time In The Narrative Of The Political Women Memoir Writers Of The Pahlavi Era". Language Related Research (Comparative Language and Literature Research). 10 (5): 73–100. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  • Aghajari, Hashem; Shafaeipour, Mahboube; Janahmadi, Fatemeh (2020). "The Sultans And Faqih' S Relationships In Egypt In Mamluk Era". Journal of Historical Studies of Islam. 12 (44): 85–106. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  • Aghajari, Seyed Hashem; Mohsen, Nourmohammad (2021). "The Tudeh Party and the Marxist-Leninist Concept of the "National Question" in Iran (1941-1979)". Historical Sciences Studies. 13 (3): 1–26. doi:10.22059/jhss.2021.327103.473450. Retrieved 2022-08-21.

Awards and honors

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  • Jan Karski Award for Moral Courage (2003)[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Iranian Court Again Spares Professor's Life" BURTON BOLLAG. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington: June 18, 2004. Vol. 50, Iss. 41; p.A.41
  2. ^ "Iranian dissident spared death sentence". ALJAZEERA. 20 July 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Liberal martyrdom in Iran", Charles Paul Freund. Reason. Los Angeles: February 2003. Vol. 34, Iss. 9; pg. 18, 2 pgs
  4. ^ a b 9 November, 2002, Iran death sentence angers reformists
  5. ^ a b Juan Cole, Informed Comment, Amnesty International Appeal for Dr. Aghajari
  6. ^ "AAAS Human Rights Action Network". AAAS. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06.
  7. ^ "Statement Protesting the Sentenced Execution of Professor Hashem Aghajari"; [1] Hamid Dabashi, Arien Mack, David Bromwich, Noam Chomsky, et al. Social Research. New York: Winter 2002. Vol. 69, Iss. 4; pg. IX, 5 pgs
  8. ^ Christopher de Bellaigue, The Struggle for Iran, New York Review of Books, 2007, p.47
  9. ^ "International: Hard centres; Iranian conservatives", The Economist. London: December 21, 2002. Vol. 365, Iss. 8304; pg. 72
  10. ^ "Iranian professor freed from jail". The Guardian.
  11. ^ 2 December, 2002, Iranian academic facing death
  12. ^ "Political crisis threatens to weaken Iran at a crucial time". Crescent International.
  13. ^ Christopher de Bellaigue, The Struggle for Iran, New York Review of Books, 2007, p.39
  14. ^ "Iran/Iraq" Nizar Wattad, Paola Rizzuto. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. Washington: October 2003. Vol. 22, Iss. 8; pg. 39
  15. ^ a b "Iranian Professor Freed From Prison," RICHARD MONASTERSKY, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Washington: August 13, 2004. Vol. 50, Iss. 49; pg. A.40
  16. ^ "Iranian dissident's sentence cut to five years". The Irish Times.
  17. ^ "Academic Hashem Aghajari released on bail". ifex.org. 6 August 2004.
  18. ^ Radio Zamaaneh (November 24, 2008). "There is no Provision for Apostasy in Law: Comments by Professor Hashem Aghajari". iranpresswatch.org.
  19. ^ "محکومیت هاشم آقاجری به یک سال حبس تعزیری". ار.اف.ای - RFI (in Persian). 2014-08-03. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  20. ^ "'There Is No Other Way'; The Last Word"; [Atlantic Edition] Maziar Bahari. Newsweek. (International ed.). New York: November 25, 2002. pg. 70
  21. ^ "International: Khatami's last stand, perhaps; Iran's struggle for reform", The Economist. London: November 16, 2002. Vol. 365, Iss. 8299; pg. 64
  22. ^ "HASHEM AGHAJARI (1957) the historian persecuted for criticizing the ayatollahs". Gariwo.
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