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Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument

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Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Green sea turtle at Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
LocationCentral Pacific Ocean
Area313,818,892 acres (1,269,980.00 km2)[1]
CreatedJanuary 6, 2009 (2009-January-06)
AdministratorJohn Klavitter, Superintendent, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
WebsitePacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
The previous (2011) boundaries of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument are outlined in light blue.
Soldierfish, Baker Island NWR
Grey reef sharks, Pacific Remote Islands MNM

The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument is a group of unorganized, mostly unincorporated United States Pacific Island territories managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service of the United States Department of the Interior and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States Department of Commerce.[2][3] These remote refuges are "the most widespread collection of marine- and terrestrial-life protected areas on the planet under a single country's jurisdiction".[2][3] They protect many endemic species including corals, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, seabirds, water birds, land birds, insects, and vegetation not found elsewhere.[4]

History

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The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument was proclaimed a national monument on January 6, 2009, by U.S. President George W. Bush[2][3] and follows his June 6, 2006, creation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The original area was about 83,000 square miles (210,000 km2). It was expanded on September 25, 2014, by U.S. President Barack Obama. The monument covers 490,343 square miles (1,269,980 km2),[1] spanning areas to the far south and west of Hawaii: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Island. At Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, the terrestrial areas, reefs, and waters out to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) (radius) are part of the National Wildlife Refuge System. For Baker Island, Howland Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Atoll, fishery-related activities seaward from the 12 nmi (22 km) refuge boundaries out to the 50 nmi (93 km) MNM boundary (about 100 nmi (190 km) square across) are managed by NOAA. For Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, and Wake Island, fishery-related activities seaward from the 12 nmi (22 km) refuge boundaries out to the 200 nmi (370 km) MNM boundary (U.S. EEZ waters) are managed by NOAA. The land areas at Wake and Johnston Atolls remain under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Air Force, but the waters from 0 to 12 nmi (22 km) are protected as units of the National Wildlife Refuge System. The monument is closed to commercial fishing and other resource extraction activities, such as deep sea mining.[5]

The monument includes endemic trees, grasses, and birds adapted to life at the equator, the rare sea turtles and whales and Hawaiian monk seals that visit Johnston Atoll, and high-quality coral reefs. U.S. federal law prohibits resource destruction or extraction, waste dumping, and commercial fishing in the monument areas. Research, free passage, and recreation are allowed.

On June 17, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama proposed using his executive powers to expand the marine protected area to 782,000 square miles (2,030,000 km2). Sport fishing is exempt, and public comments were solicited.[6] He then signed a proclamation on September 25, 2014, expanding the monument to six times its original size, resulting in 490,343 square miles (1,269,982 square kilometers)[1] of protected area around these tropical islands and atolls in the south-central Pacific Ocean. Expanding the monument protected the deep coral reefs, seamounts, and marine ecosystems unique to this part of the world, which are also among the most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification.[5] Specifically, it expanded the boundaries to the 200 nautical-mile outer limits of the U.S. EEZ around Wake Island, Johnston Atoll, and Jarvis Island while leaving in place the 50 nautical-mile boundaries for Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll and Howland and Baker Islands created by the 2009 proclamation.[7][8]

In September 2017, Trump Administration U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke recommended that the U.S. government reduce the monument's boundaries by an unspecified amount.[9] By the end of his term in office, in January 2021, former President Trump had not followed this recommendation.

In March 2023, President Biden directed the Secretary of Commerce to consider making the monument and additional areas within the U.S. EEZ a National Marine Sanctuary, as well as to study a renaming of the monument, its islands, and their related national wildlife refuges.[10]

Geography

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Location and area

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The following islands form the basis of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument:

South of the monument is the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, with a size of 408,250 km2 (157,630 sq mi), which was created by the government of Kiribati.[11]

Climate

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Susan White, Operations Superintendent, holding a young red-footed booby, 2014

Because the islands are scattered throughout the ocean, the climate is different on each island. Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands have an equatorial climate, with scant rainfall, constant wind, and burning sun. Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef have a tropical climate but are generally dry, with consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation. Palmyra Atoll has a hot, equatorial climate. Because the atoll is located within the low-pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 4,000–5,000 mm (160–200 in) of rainfall each year.[4]

Effects of climate change

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A recent study in the journal Climatic Change suggests the expanded reserve could make pelagic fish populations in the Pacific more resilient to ocean warming.[12] Researchers found that by 2060, warmer temperatures will attract skipjack tuna from the Western Pacific to the protected waters of the monument, away from areas that are heavily fished.[8]

Population

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Although the islands have no permanent residents, the seven islands that make up the Pacific Remote Islands are stepping stones that connect Hawaii to Micronesia and other Polynesian sea voyaging cultures. The voyage from Hawaii to the neighboring Marshall Islands once included a stop at Johnston Atoll. Wake Atoll is geographically, culturally, and historically linked to the people who live in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Kingman, Palmyra, Jarvis, Howland, and Baker are connected to the Republic of Kiribati. Voyaging and culture link all of these islands.[13]

Wake has a current transient population of ca. 125 military personnel and contractors. Johnston Atoll had a peak population of 1,100 military and civilian contractor personnel in 2000, but it was evacuated by 2007. From 2010 through 2021, volunteer biologists lived and worked on the island in groups of 5, but since May 2021, the island has had no permanent inhabitants. Four to twenty Nature Conservancy and U.S. Fish and Wildlife staff live at Palmyra Atoll. The four other islands are usually uninhabited.

Public entry to the islands is by special-use permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It is generally restricted to scientists and educators.[4] Only Wake Island and Palmyra Atoll have serviceable runways; Jarvis, Johnston Atoll, Baker, and Howland Islands had airstrips in earlier times but they have long been abandoned and are no longer operational.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "MPAtlas". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "Presidential Proclamation 8336" (PDF). fws.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents: Monday, January 12, 2009 Volume 45—Number 1, Page 14 Archived March 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b c "United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29.
  5. ^ a b Whitehouse.gov (25 Sept 2014) "FACT SHEET: President Obama to Designate Largest Marine Monument in the World Off-Limits to Development". Retrieved 25 Sept 2014. "FACT SHEET: President Obama to Designate Largest Marine Monument in the World Off-Limits to Development". whitehouse.gov. 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2014-09-29 – via National Archives.
  6. ^ Eilperin, Juliet. (17 June 2014) "Obama proposes vast expansion of Pacific Ocean sanctuaries for marine life". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 June 2014. "Obama proposes vast expansion of Pacific Ocean marine sanctuary - the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
  7. ^ "U.S. Creates Largest Protected Area in the World, 3X Larger Than California". National Geographic News. 2014-09-26. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  8. ^ a b C. Pala, Will 'lazy' fish benefit most from new U.S. marine megareserve?, Sept. 24, 2014, sciencemag.org/news/2014/09/will-lazy-fish-benefit-most-new-marine-megareserve
  9. ^ Eilperin, Juliet (2017-09-17). "Shrink at least 4 national monuments and modify a half-dozen others, Zinke tells Trump". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  10. ^ "Memorandum on Conserving the Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Pacific Remote Islands". The White House. 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-03-27.
  11. ^ "Phoenix Islands Protected Area (". Conservation International. 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  12. ^ Lehodey, Patrick; Senina, Inna; Calmettes, Beatriz; Hampton, John; Nicol, Simon (2013-07-01). "Modelling the impact of climate change on Pacific skipjack tuna population and fisheries". Climatic Change. 119 (1): 95–109. Bibcode:2013ClCh..119...95L. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0595-1. hdl:10.1007/s10584-012-0595-1. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 153460718.
  13. ^ "Connecting Conservation and Culture in Oceania". www.taotaotasi.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
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