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II Corps (United Kingdom)

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This article is about the United Kingdom Army unit. For other units of the same name, see II Corps.

II Corps
Formation sign of II Corps during the Second World War.[1] It shows a salmon leaping over a "brook", and was designed in 1939 by the corps' chief of staff, Vyvyan Pope, as a play on the name of Alan Brooke, GOC.[2]
ActiveWaterloo Campaign
First World War
Second World War
Post-1945
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeField corps
EngagementsBattle of Waterloo
First World War:[3]

Second World War

Commanders
Notable
commanders		Lord Hill
Horace Smith-Dorrien
Claud Jacob
Alan Brooke
Bernard Montgomery (acting)
Kenneth Anderson
Gerald Templer
Insignia
Corps formation sign during the First World War.[4]

The II Corps was an army corps of the British Army formed in both the First World War and the Second World War. There had also been a short-lived II Corps during the Waterloo Campaign.

Napoleonic precursor

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Assembling an army in the Southern Netherlands to fight Napoleon's resurgent forces in the spring of 1815, the Duke of Wellington formed it into army corps, deliberately mixing units from the Anglo-Hanoverian, Dutch and German contingents so that the weaker elements would be stiffened by more experienced or reliable troops. As he put it: "It was necessary to organize these troops in brigades, divisions, and corps d’armee with those better disciplined and more accustomed to war".[5] He placed II Corps under the command of Lord Hill. However, Wellington did not use the corps as tactical entities, and continued his accustomed practice of issuing orders directly to divisional and lower commanders. When he drew up his army on the ridge at Waterloo, elements of the various corps were mixed up, and although he gave Hill command of the left wing, this included elements of I Corps. Subsequent to the battle, the corps structure was re-established for the advance into France, and Wellington issued orders through Hill and the other corps commanders.[6]

Order of battle

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Main article: Order of Battle of the Waterloo Campaign

GOC: Lieut-Gen Lord Hill

Before the First World War

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After the Waterloo campaign the army corps structure disappeared from the British Army for a century, except for ad hoc corps assembled during annual manoeuvres (e.g. Army Manoeuvres of 1913). In 1876 a mobilization scheme for eight army corps was published, with 'Second Corps' based at Aldershot and composed of regular and militia troops. In 1880 its organization was:

  • 1st Division (Aldershot)
  • 2nd Division (Guildford)
  • 3rd Division (Dorking)
    • 1st Brigade (Dorking)
      • Ayr and Wigtown Militia (Ayr), Renfrew Militia (Paisley), Perth Militia (Perth)
    • 2nd Brigade (Dorking)
      • Galway Militia (Longbrea), North Cork Militia (Mallow), South Cork Militia (Bandon)
    • Divisional Troops
      • Armagh Militia (Armagh), Middlesex Militia (Uxbridge)
    • Artillery
      • E/5th Brigade RA (Bristol), P/5th Brigade RA (Trowbridge), L/3rd Brigade RA (Woolwich)
  • Cavalry Brigade (Lewes)
  • Corps Artillery (Artillery)
    • C Battery A Brigade RHA (Aldershot), G Battery C Brigade RHA (Christchurch), D Battery C Brigade RHA (Dorchester)
    • A/1st Brigade RA (Devonport), A/6th Brigade RA (Woolwich)
  • Corps Engineers (Aldershot)
    • 15th Company Royal Engineers and Field Park (Kensington)

This scheme had been dropped by 1881.[7] The Stanhope Memorandum of 1891 (drawn up by Edward Stanhope when secretary of state for war) laid down the policy that after providing for garrisons and India, the army should be able to mobilise three army corps for home defence, two of regular troops and one partly of militia, of three divisions each. Only after those commitments, it was hoped, two army corps might be organised for the unlikely eventuality of deployment abroad. The 1901 Army Estimates introduced by St John Brodrick allowed for six army corps based on the six regional commands, of which only I Corps (Aldershot Command and II Corps (Southern Command on Salisbury Plain) would be entirely formed of regular troops. However, these arrangements remained theoretical. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 established a six-division British Expeditionary Force (BEF) for deployment overseas, which did not envisage any intermediate headquarters between GHQ and the infantry divisions.[8]

First World War

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King George V with General Sir Herbert Plumer and other officers of the Second Army and the II Corps in a Nissen hut camp in the Second Army area, 6 August 1918.

On mobilisation in August 1914 it was decided that the BEF would have two-division army corps like the French armies with which the BEF was to operate but only one corps HQ existed, two were improvised.[9] II Corps proceeded to France in August 1914 under the command of Sir James Grierson but Grierson died suddenly on the train to the front on 17 August. Sir John French (GOCinC BEF) wanted Sir Herbert Plumer to succeed Grierson, but the secretary of state for war, Earl Kitchener, instead chose Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, transferred from Southern Command. Smith-Dorrien caught up with his HQ at Bavai on 21 August.[10] II Corps was first engaged two days later at the Battle of Mons and forced into the Great Retreat with the rest of the BEF. It later fought a delaying action against Alexander von Kluck's German First Army in the Battle of Le Cateau which allowed most of its surviving forces to escape.[11] It remained on the Western Front throughout the war. It was forced into retreat, with the soldiers exhaust

Order of battle

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The composition of army corps changed frequently. Some representative orders of battle for II Corps are given here.

Order of Battle at Mons 23 August 1914:[12]

GOC: Lieut-Gen Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien (Took command 21 August 1914)

Order of Battle on the Somme (Battle of Bazentin Ridge 14–17 July 1916)[14]

GOC: Maj-Gen Claud Jacob

From 12 May 1916 to October 1917, 1/1st Yorkshire Dragoons constituted II Corps Cavalry Regiment. The regiment returned in March 1918 as II Corps Cyclist Battalion.[15][16]

Order of Battle at the start of the final advance in Flanders (27 September 1918)[17]

GOC: Lieut-Gen Sir Claud Jacob

Second World War

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On the outbreak of the Second World War, II Corps was mobilised at Salisbury with two unprepared infantry divisions, under the command of Lieut-General Sir Alan Brooke from Southern Command. II Corps' insignia, designed by its Chief of Staff, Vyvyan Pope, was a visual pun on the name of its commander, who was also a keen fisherman: it depicted a red leaping salmon upon three wavy blue bands against a white background, all in an oblong red border. The corps crossed to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) at the end of September 1939 and at once moved up to the Belgium–France border.[18] It took part in the advance into Belgium to resist the German invasion, and was then pushed back with the rest of the BEF to Dunkirk during the Battle of France. During the retreat, II Corps covered the vulnerable left flank of the BEF. On 29 May 1940, Brooke was ordered back to Britain to form a new force, and he handed over temporary command of II Corps to Maj-Gen Bernard Montgomery of 3rd Division.[19] Under Montgomery, II Corps was evacuated from Dunkirk in June 1940.

Order of battle

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Order of Battle at Dunkirk[20]
GOC: Lieutenant-General Alan Brooke (until 30 May 1940)
Maj-General Bernard Montgomery (acting from 30 May 1940)

Deception plans

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After commanding forces in the United Kingdom, from Lower Hare Park near Newmarket within Eastern Command,[29] II Corps was being disbanded in early 1944 when selected to be one of the two corps comprising the notional British Fourth Army, which under the deception plan Fortitude North was supposed to attack Norway.

For this operation II Corps was supposedly headquartered at Stirling in Scotland, and notionally consisted of the genuine 3rd Infantry Division (shortly replaced by the notional 58th Infantry Division), the genuine 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division in Northern Ireland, and the genuine 113th Independent Infantry Brigade in Orkney. Under Fortitude North II Corps was supposedly to attack Stavanger, with the 3rd Division (later the 58th) and supporting commandos and paratroops seizing the airfields, the 55th (West Lancashire) Division joining as followup; the genuine U.S. XV Corps from Northern Ireland would augment the force, which would advance on Oslo.

The corps was transferred to First United States Army Group (FUSAG) in early June 1944 and moved to Lincolnshire; restored to Fourth Army when that formation joined FUSAG for Fortitude South II, headquarters now at Tunbridge Wells in Kent, with under command the British 55th and 58th divisions and the British 35th Armoured Brigade. It was notionally transferred to France in late September, consisting of the essentially notional 55th Division, the genuine 79th Armoured Division, and the notional 76th Infantry Division; also apparently at times the genuine 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division, disbanded but notionally kept alive. It was notionally part of First Canadian Army in the deception Operation Trolleycar II (threatening an attack on the Germans in the Netherlands) in November 1944.

Post Second World War

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After the Second World War, as a genuine corps it was based in the Middle East, controlling British forces around the Suez Canal. Following the British withdrawal from Egypt, II Corps was also the controlling force for the invasion of the country during the Suez Crisis, seemingly controlling 3rd Infantry Division, under Major-General J.B. (Jack) Churcher, and 16th Parachute Brigade[30] as well as 10th Armoured Division and 3 Commando Brigade.

Lieutenant-General Hugh Stockwell commanded the corps during 'Musketeer.' On 31 July 1956 Stockwell, then commanding I Corps in Germany, received a message from the War Office telling him to meet General Sir William Oliver, Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff, who flew to Germany to collect Stockwell so that he could be briefed by General Sir Gerald Templer, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, back in London.[31] Briefing Stockwell personally, Templer told him to hand over command of I Corps, but to take sufficient men from the corps staff as he would need to create another headquarters, II Corps, which was to "establish a planning cell in London as quickly as possible." Led by Kenneth Darling as Brigader, General Staff, this group was dispatched to London from West Germany on 4 August to begin setting up the corps headquarters and begin the initial planning. They were installed the next day, Bank Holiday Monday, in the old underground wartime HQ under the Thames, the Montagu House Annex of the War Office. But as the planning continued Stockwell and his new headquarters were not controlling the formations which were to be involved: those in the Middle East and Cyprus were under GHQ Middle East Land Forces, while those in the UK and Germany were directed for these purposes by the War Office through either Home commands or the British Army of the Rhine.

After the invasion had ended and the United Nations Emergency Force was arriving under the Canadian Army general E. L. M. Burns, Stockwell returned to the UK, where II Corps was disbanded by being reintegrated back into I Corps.

General Officers Commanding

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Commanders have included:[32]

Notes

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  1. ^ Cole p. 27
  2. ^ Lewin, Ronald (1976). Man of armour: a study of Lieut-General Vyvyan Pope and the development of armoured warfare. London: Leo Cooper. p. 101n. ISBN 0-85052-050-9.
  3. ^ The British Corps of 1914-1918
  4. ^ JPS card no. 29
  5. ^ Hofschroer, "Ligny and Quatre Bras", p.109.
  6. ^ Hofschroer, "The German Victory", p. 61.
  7. ^ Army List 1876–1881.
  8. ^ Dunlop.
  9. ^ Official History 1914, Volume I, p. 7.
  10. ^ Official History 1914, Volume I, pp. 50–2.
  11. ^ Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Official History 1914, Volume I, Appendix 1.
  13. ^ Sir John French, Operation Order No 5, Official History 1914, Volume 1, Appendix 10.
  14. ^ The Battles of the Somme 1916
  15. ^ Frederick, pp. 22, 58.
  16. ^ James, p. 31.
  17. ^ Official History 1918, Volume V, Appendix 1.
  18. ^ Bryant pp. 18 & 50.
  19. ^ Bryant pp. 146–151; Montgomery pp. 62–3.
  20. ^ Official History 1939-40, Appendix I.
  21. ^ 2 Corps Archived 8 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "60 (North Midland) Field Regiment RA (TA)". Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  23. ^ 88 (2nd West Lancashire) Field Regiment RA (TA)
  24. ^ 53 (London) Medium Regiment RA (TA)
  25. ^ "59 (4th W Lancs) Medium Regiment RA (TA)". Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  26. ^ 53 (Kings Own Yorks L.I.) Light AA Rgt RA (TA) Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Regiments.org
  28. ^ 2nd Survey Regiment Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Newbold, p. 202
  30. ^ Van Der Bijl, Sharing the Secret, 231.
  31. ^ Riley, Jonathon (19 October 2006). The Life & Campaigns of General Hughie Stockwell: From Norway Through Burma to Suez. Casemate Publishers.
  32. ^ Army Commands Archived 5 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "No. 27360". The London Gazette. 1 October 1901. p. 6400.
  34. ^ "Wood, Sir (Henry) Evelyn (1838–1919), army officer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37000. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  35. ^ James Grierson at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  36. ^ Horace Smith-Dorrien at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  37. ^ Charles Fergusson at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  38. ^ Claud Jacob at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

References

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  • Sir Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide, based on the War Diaries of Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke, (London, 1959).
  • Lt-Col Ewan Butler & Maj J. S. Bradford, The Story of Dunkirk, (London, nd).
  • Cole, Howard (1973). Formation Badges of World War 2. Britain, Commonwealth and Empire. London: Arms and Armour Press.
  • Colonel John K., Dunlop, "The Development of the British Army 1899–1914", London, Methuen (1938).
  • J. B. M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
  • Peter Hofschroer, "1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, his German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras", London: Greenhill Books (1998) (ISBN 1-85367-304-8).
  • Peter Hofschroer, "1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German Victory", London: Greenhill Books (1999) (ISBN 1-85367-368-4).
  • Brig E. A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
  • JPS Cigarette card series, Army, Corps and Divisional Signs 1914–1918, John Player and sons, 1920s.
  • Viscount Montgomery,The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Montgomery, (London, 1958).
  • Newbold, David John. "British planning and preparations to resist invasion on land, September 1939 - September 1940". King's College, University of London.
  • Official History 1914: Brigadier-General Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1914, Vol I, 3rd Edn, London: Macmillan,1933/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-01-9/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-611-3.
  • Official History 1918: Brigadier-General Sir James E. Edmonds and Lieutenant-Colonel R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, ISBN 1-870423-06-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2021, ISBN 978-1-78331-624-3.
  • Official History 1939-40: Major L. F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, 978-1-85457-056-6.

External sources

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